重刻曆體略

重刻历体略 明 王英明


《历体略》为明人王英明（卒于1614年）撰。此书被认为第一部受西方作者学术影响之著。王英明深受李之藻 (1565–1630年) 影响。李氏乃一位学者及朝廷官员，与在华的耶稣会传教士多年合作，翻译了大量书籍。此书原稿于明万历四十年 （1612年）完成。王英明去世后，其子承接刻印。第一重印本于崇祯十二年（1639年）出版。此本为清顺治三年（1646年）明末常熟最大出版社毛氏汲 古阁刊本。王英明去举人业，专蒐集灵台观象诸书, 日夜考算。此书一方面撮取诸家之要，另一方面参综西历，故无灾祥征应之言。重刻本共有七序，其中三序具有年代。写序作者为赵士春、王曰俞、翁汉麐、钱明印、屠象美 （1639年）、汪瀁 （1639年）及作者自序 （1612年）。本文页首有五幅绘图：天体图、九重天图、黄道二十四节气图、日蚀图、月蚀图。在月蚀图说部分，作者指出「地悬于六合中央，如鸡卵黄在白内。故日繇西炤地，地必有景射东，照东必有景射西」，乃结合盖天说与西学之作。上卷六篇，分别为天体地形、二曜、五纬、辰次、刻漏极度及杂说。其中有关九重天国的概念王氏指出是「中国固有」，而「天学诸儒由西航海入中国，发明其义，更而精详」。这显然是受到当时耶稣会传教士所带来的欧洲天文学影响，是最早接受西学的先驱之一。中卷三篇，即极宫、象位、天汉，以紫薇宫为中心，介绍诸星与二十八宿，以步天歌为最重要的参考资料。下卷七篇，即天体地度、度里之差、纬曜、经宿、黄道宫界、赤道纬躔、气候刻漏。黄道宫界一篇介绍西洋黄道十二宫之度数，及其与二十八宿的对应关系，也是结合中西天文学知识的体现之一。书末有附录一篇，论日月交食。书中兼有朱、墨笔句读。

Summary
This work originally was written by Wang Yingming (died 1614) and was thought to be the first work of a Chinese scholar influenced by Western learning, as Wang was greatly influenced by Li Zhizao (1565--1630), the official and scholar who undertook the translation of several works by European Jesuit missionaries to China. The manuscript was completed in 1612. It was first published by Wang's son Wang Yang in 1639. Shown here is a reprinted edition, published in 1646 by Jiguge, the largest publishing house established in Changshu in the late Ming dynasty. As a provincial graduate, Wang Yingming collected and studied numerous works on astronomy. Wang's work summarized the essentials of earlier schools of thought, referred to Western calendars, and avoided mention of good and evil omens. The reprint edition has seven prefaces, three of them dated, by Zhao Shichun, Wang Yueyu, Weng Hanlin, Qian Mingyin, Tu Xiangmei (dated 1639), Wang Yang (dated 1639), and the author himself (dated 1612). Preceding the text are five illustrations of the celestial body, the nine-level heaven, the 24 solar terms, and solar and lunar eclipses. There is also a brief text stating that the Earth stands in the middle of the six harmonies, like the egg yolk in the middle of an egg white. When the Earth faces the sun in the west, it has a shadow in the east; when it faces the sun in the east, its shadow is in the west. This formulation represents a combination of the Chinese cosmology of the heavenly cover and Western astronomical theory. Juan one has six essays on the celestial body or the sphere, the sun and moon, the five planets (Jupiter, Mars, Saturn, Mercury, and Venus), periods of the day, records of clepsydra, and miscellany. While acknowledging the Chinese concept of the nine-level heaven, the author also draws upon Western astronomy. Juan two has three essays, dealing with the Extreme Palace, the movement of the heavenly bodies and the Milky Way, and Zi wei gong (the Purple Forbidden Palace). The essays provide an introduction to various stars and the 28 Chinese constellations, using the references in Bu tian ge (The song of the marches of the heavens). Juan three has seven essays, dealing with degrees of the celestial bodies, the planets and stars, the 12 celestial palaces, the celestial equator, and weather forecasting. In the essay on the 12 celestial palaces, the author introduces the positions of the 12 bodies in the Western system and their relation to the 28 Chinese constellations, again combining approaches from both Eastern and Western astronomy. The work has an appendix, an essay on solar and lunar eclipses, which has red and black punctuation markings.

重刻曆體略1

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重刻曆體略2

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